JOHN YANG: The World Health Organization this week ended the global public health emergency it had declared three years ago as COVID spread around the world.

The U.S. Public Health Emergency has to come to an end this coming Thursday, the 11th.

Both moves are largely symbolic, but the pandemic is waning.

Government data shows that COVID was the fourth leading cause of death last year, dropping from third in the previous two years.

And U.S. COVID deaths are at the lowest theyúve been since 2020 although it still claims hundreds of lives each day.

So where does the pandemic stand now and what should we be doing about it?

Katelyn Jetelina is an epidemiologist at the University of Texas and the author of the popular newsletter, Your Local Epidemiologist.

Katelyn, the Global health emergency ending, the U.S. health emergency ending.

What does that mean?

And maybe just as important, what does that not mean?

KATELYN JETELINA, Epidemiologist, University of Texas: Yes, itús a big week for public health.

I will say that.

So the global public health emergency ending is basically administrative and financial.

Itús a key mechanism within global health security.

So officially, that means ending the mobilization of international coordination, so funding, advancement in vaccines, etc.

Unofficially, though, it is one of the strongest signs that WHO now sees COVID-19 as a threat and our repertoire of just things trying to kill us every day.

So itús really quite a monumental moment.

And I think itús important to recognize what it doesnút mean and you touched on this a little that it doesnút mean that COVID-19 is gone.

In fact SARS-CoV-2 is mutating still about twice as fast as flu right now.

So that means weúre going to get future waves We hope that theyúre wavelets but we may get a big tsunami also from another variant of concern which would be pi and like you said we canút ignore the fact that COVID-19 is a leading cause of death for Americans and people around the world still.

So to me, as an epidemiologist, that means our work is not done.

But this is a monumental moment and some time for reflection as well.

JOHN YANG: There is a lot of confusion about what to do now.

How to react to this, how to respond.

Iúve heard a lot of people asking about vaccine boosters.

Who should be getting a vaccine booster now.

KATELYN JETELINA: Yes, so this is confusing to a lot of people, including myself, but itús -- if youúve had one by bivalent vaccine, you are considered up to date with your COVID vaccines in the United States.

It doesnút matter if youúve gotten previously infected, it doesnút matter what other vaccine series youúve gotten.

For those that got their fall booster, bivalent booster, and theyúre over 65, or theyúre immunocompromised, they can get a spring bivalent booster as well.

And this really depends on if you have comorbidities, how old you are, if you should be getting one, and also how risk adverse you are because we donút know what the future is going to hold.

So Iúm recommending it to my grandparents, to my parents to get their spring booster right now.

And but itús certainly not available to everyone.

JOHN YANG: And then moving forward, how often should people think about getting boosters?

Is there any consensus on that yet?

KATELYN JETELINA: We have no idea.

It really depends on what this virus continues to do.

Like I said, itús mutating about twice as fast as flu.

So I think we can expect at least an annual shot if not a biannual shot.

But thereús a really important meeting coming up June 15.

The FDA is meeting to really decide what the fall is going to look like, what the formula and the vaccines are going to be, what type of Omicron variant and then who should also get them.

So in about a month, we should have a lot more clarity on what this fall will look like.

JOHN YANG: Youúd say the virus is mutating and they are new variants, but we donút have the same reaction or same concern about these new variants as we did about Omicron.

Why -- why is that?

KATELYN JETELINA: Thereús a couple of reasons for that.

One is we just have a really tall immunity wall right now from previous infections and from vaccine coverage.

So itús really a bit -- a good sign that weúre not seeing these huge waves of hospitalizations.

And thatús because our immunity is working against it.

The other reason is that the SARS-coV-2 may have started finding its path, meaning that itús making incremental mutations or incremental changes, instead of these huge swing changes that we saw on the first two, two years of a pandemic.

And thatús actually a good thing.

We want Omicron to keep mutating because that means that weúll be able to predict it better, so we can predict and be proactive about our vaccines better around fall.

JOHN YANG: We asked viewers what they were worried about, what questions they had.

And one point that kept coming up was long COVID.

Kate says sheús had long COVID for the last year and a half.

She says the number of incoming patients at my local long COVID clinic is as high as ever.

What do you foresee the impact of long COVID being on American life?

And then Jan asked a similar question.

Has there been any progress and understanding who is at risk of getting long COVID How to prevent it and how to treat it?

KATELYN JETELINA: Yes, so long COVID is a thing.

It is incredibly debilitating to some Americans.

In fact, I think we estimate about 6 million Americans today are suffering from long COVID.

And unfortunately, the more that this virus changes and transmits, the more possibility we are to get more people to have long COVID.

We do have good news though that with immunity, it seems that our risk of long COVID is less if you get an infection.

Same with if treatments Paxlovid reduces the risk of long COVID And Omicron is reducing the risk of long COVID compared to Delta.

We are starting to understand the patterns for example, it looks like females are more likely to get long COVID than males and younger people are more likely to get long COVID than older people.

But we really are just on the surface of our understanding of long COVID and have a long way to go.

JOHN YANG: Katelyn Jetelina, your local epidemiologist, thank you very much.

KATELYN JETELINA: Thanks for having me.